Audio-Visual Guide to Sykes Monkey Behavior |
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Threat A threat can include different type of behaviors such as staring at, head-bobbing, aggressive growling, or lunging. Tese behaviors can occur independetly, jointly, or in succession. A typical full fledged threat would involve staring at the opponent with open mouth, head-bobbing, and aggressive growls. A less intense threat can consist only of growls or staring alone. The most intense form culminated in lunging at the opponent. |
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| Examples | ||
1) Adult male head bobbing during intergroup encounter. |
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2) Adult female silently threat-staring, bobbing head slightly |
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3) Adult male threat-staring suddenly while seated. Note the unexpectedness of the behavior, which makes it easy to miss if you don't keep your eye on the animal! |
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Supplant When one animal approaches a second animal (i.e., moves closer than about one meter), and the second animal then leaves the first one within two seconds (i.e, moves to beyond one meter), we say that the second animal was supplanted (displaced) by the first one. This behavior is a very common form of agonism, and similar to avoidance. In avoidance, however, one animal would move away before the other one has had a chance to move closer than one meter. |
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| Examples | ||
| 1) Juvenile blue monkey supplants another juvenile at a food patch (potatoes), after which the supplanted juvenile threatens a third one over access to food. |  |
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Note: The file to the right includes an explanation of events |
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| Avi 320x240 (4.3mb) Mov 320x240 (13.6mb) |
Avi 320x240 (4.9mb) Mov 320x240 (23mb) |
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Social Grooming Social grooming is one of the most common affiliative social interactions between Sykes monkeys. It may or may not start with one animal presenting to another one for grooming. The presentation can be subtle or exaggerated, and it can be answered by initiating grooming or ignored. |
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| Examples | ||
1) Adult female (Zito) and medium juvenile male (Kito) grooming the resident male (Putin) |
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Avi (DivX Compression): 320x240 (12.3mb) |
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Nose-to-mouth One animal puts its nose near the mouth of another animal, may be a way to find out what another has been eating. |
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Example |
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| Provisioning is a common activity at Gede ruins. One of its obvious conseuqneces is that it ignites feeding competition between individuals. Provisions given by tourists constitute a very localized food source of high energetic value. Finding out about the stress physiological consequences of the provisioning is one of the main aspects of this project. | ||
| Examples | ||
1) A female with an infant is being given a banana by tourists. Note how she stuffs the banana into her cheek pouch as quickly as she can wihtout chewing much. This avoids competition and makes her ready to go back quickly for more. |
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2) Female jumping to snatch bananas from the hand of a tourist. |
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Avi: 320x240 (23.6mb) |
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| 1) Newborn Sykes monkey infant making explorative movements in mothers lap. |  |
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| 2) Female blue monkey (Billy) with newborn infant (2006, about one to two weeks old). Infant making explorative movements from mother's ventrum. Rudimentary object play. |  |
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| 1) Avi 320x240 (8.6mb) | 2) Avi 320x240 (4.7mb) | |
| 3) Female blue monkey (Fletcher) with young infant (2006, about four weeks old). Infant making explorative movements from mother's ventrum. |  |
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| Avi: 320x240 (23mb); 160x120 (3.3mb) | ||
| 4) Infant blue monkey (Bow's 2006, about six weeks old). Infant is being left by the mother next to various medium and small juveniles, who handle the infant successively. The infant tries persistently to escape its handlers and jump on to its mom, but she ignores its attempts and moves away from the infant. Eventually, the mother allows the infant to suckle. |  |
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| 1) Juvenile looking down at the ground, chirping at a puff adder. This is a typical snake alarm call and different from chirps that are given in response to dogs and other larger ground predators. |  |
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Avi: 320x240 (14.9mb) |
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| 1) Female blue monkey foraging seeds on the ground |  |
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| 2) Adult male struggling with a Delonix regia fruit |  |
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Avi: 320x240 (4.6mb) |
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| 1) Juvenile blue monkeys in rough-and-tumble play on the ground. |  |
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| Avi: 320x240 (15.6mb); 160x120 (4.8mb) Mov: 320x240 (47.3mb) |
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| 1) Adult female blue monkey (Gaunt) feeding on the ground. Juvenile (Felix) approaches and shows interest in the food. Gaunt tries to push away the juvenile but is not successful. |  |
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| Avi: 320x240 (34mb); 160x120 (2.9mb) Mov: 320x240 (48mb) |
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| 2) Adult male head-flagging. This behavior is shown in mating context when a female approaches a male or vice versa. |  |
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1) Chirps - Alarm calls directed at ground predators or during intergroup encounters Sample 1 - several individual Sykes monkeys chirping during an intergroup encounter |
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2) Aggressive growl. Indicator of agonism, common during both within- and between-group aggressions Sample 1 - juvenile growling during intergroup encounter |
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3) Long grunts - Function unclear, commonly given during intergroup encounters and before male boom calls. Sample 1 - lot of background noise in this recording but expectionally long grunts audible in the background |
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4) Pyow - Territorial call of the male. Sample 1 - Two pyows of a blue monkey |
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