| Behavior |
Code |
Description |
Affiliative Behavior |
| Approach |
ZU |
Moves from far to within 1 meter of other individual, and stays there for at least 2 seconds |
| Leaves |
LV |
Moves beyond 1 meter from other individual for at least 2 seconds |
| Presents for grooming |
PG |
Presenting body parts to someone (begging) for grooming |
| Initiates grooming |
IG |
|
| Refuses to groom |
RF |
|
| Grooms |
GR |
|
| In progress |
IP |
You come across a social interaction while in progress, you did not see how it started (can be grooming, mating, aggression etc.) |
| Vice versa |
vv |
Denotes reciprocated grooming |
Aggression |
| Avoid |
AV |
This is the weakest from of agonistic interactions. When an animal X clearly avoids getting too close to animal Y, showing signs of fear or anxiety without the Y displaying any kind of agonistic behavior towards it, then X would be said to have avoided Y |
| Fear grimace |
FG |
The lips are retracted so that the teeth are shown; the teeth are clenched together. This display functions as an appeasement signal to reduce aggression in aggressive encounters |
| Staring |
ST |
This display by the blue monkey is used as a threat display. The eyes are fixed on the stimulus and the eyebrows are raised and the scalp is retracted, the facial skin is also stretched by moving the ears back. |
| Staring with open mouth |
SO |
This is the stare accompanied by the mouth being open but the teeth are covered. This is a threat expression and often occurs with head-bobbing |
| Head-bobbing |
HB |
This is used as a threat display by the blue monkey and head bobs up and down. This often occurs with staring with open mouth |
| Yawning |
YA |
This is where the mouth is opened to reveal the canines, and is performed by the adult male. This is used as an expression of tension or as a threat display. |
| Threat |
TH |
Threats usually consist of raised eyebrows and open mouth/teeth display towards another animal. Sometimes this is accompanied by jerking movements towards the animal that is being threatened, looking like the animal wants to lunge at the other one any moment. The recipient of the threat may either withdraw or reciprocate the threat. |
| Supplant |
SP |
Animal moves fast to within 1 meter from an opponent, upon which the latter immediate increases the distance to its “attacker”to beyond 1 meter. No real aggression takes place here, but it can be counted as a decided agonism giving clues about the dominance relationship between the players. |
| Chase |
CH |
One animal chasing another |
| Hit |
HT |
Hitting or slapping the other with the hand |
| Bite |
BT |
Inflicting a bite |
| Context |
CT |
Reason for aggression if known (i.e. food – CTF, space – CTP, mates – CTM, social partner – CTS, access to infants – CTI). If reason is food, add another letter for Leaves (L), Fruits (F), Invertebrates (I), or other (O). |
| Inter-group encounters |
IE |
Describe in detail the location, as well as marking it on a map and/or describing its exact location with reference to landmarks. Were particular feeding trees involved? Were particular individuals involved? Were some individual NOT involved and who? Did one group prevail? |
Vocalizations |
| Short Grunt |
GT |
Contact call given regularly, low volume |
| Long Grunt |
LGT |
Longer grunt, often preceding male boom calls and given by several females within seconds of each other, function unknown |
| Growl |
GW |
Aggressive call, done by dominant |
| Gecker |
GE |
Expression of fear and submission |
| Chirp |
CP |
Chirp call, given by females and juveniles, ground predator alarm (including humans). Sounds like a bird call. |
| Trill |
TR |
Done by juveniles, expression of fear |
| Scream |
SC |
Obvious |
| Boom |
BO |
Male call, very deep “boom” sound, barely audible |
| Pyow |
PY |
Territorial call of the group male |
| Ka |
K |
Predator alarm call, sounds like “Ka” |
| Ka-Train |
KT |
Long series of Ka repeated quickly, eagle alarm |
Mating Behavior |
| Presenting |
PR |
Female presenting her hindquarters to a male. Can be either exaggerated or normal. In its extreme form, female rubs her butts literally under the nose of the male in an effort to get him to mount her. |
| Head flagging |
HF |
Done by male, quick repeated shaking of the head towards a female, exact purpose unknown, but often shown in relation to mating behavior (but also aggression). |
| Mount |
MT |
Mounting |
| Copulation |
CO |
Intromission, thrusting |
| Semen on vulva |
SOV |
If male ejaculated successfully, you will see semen sticking to the hairs on the butt of the female, which is white when fresh, but later turns to yellow (and can stay a day or longer before it disappears). Females need to be checked for the existence of SOV whenever possible, especially in the mating season or if they have been seen to follow or present to a male. |
| Semen on penis |
SOP |
Sometimes there is very little SOV, but SOP can confirm the successful copulation |
| Following |
FO |
Female follows closely after a male, i.e. male leaves, female follows, repeated over and over |
Mother-infant and allocare |
| Infant suckles |
ON |
On nipple. It is actually impossible in most cases to tell if the infant is actually suckling or not, so we record when infants make contact with nipple – needs to be recorded in older infants only (>3 months), and will give an idea of weaning conflict between mother and infant together with rejections |
| Attempts nipple contact |
AT |
Infant tries to make nipple contact |
| Rejection |
RJ |
Mother rejects infant from making nipple contact, either by pushing it away after contact was already made, or preventing initial contact altogether. There are various subtle ways how mother can reject their infants, and some more obvious and aggressive ways |
| Retrieve |
RT |
Infant is retrieved either from a caretaker or picked up from its location by the mother. Mother needs to come from beyond 1 meter, approach infant and immediately pick it up (or infant clings voluntarily to mom). |
| Carried by others than mother |
AC |
Allocare. Infant is taken up and carried by someone other than the mother. ID or at least age class of caretaker |
| Infant handling |
IH |
Infant handled by others than mother while infant is on or in proximity to its mother. Handling can consist of simple touching the infant, smelling it, grooming the tail, or pulling it away from the mom |
| Kidnap |
KN |
Other than mother takes the infant away from mom and runs away from it. It is important to note the outcome in such cases, i.e. does the mother retrieve the infant after a short time, after how long? |